Abstract: Aeolian dust is a phenomenon that strong wind entrains fine particles from soils. Dust is an important medium for coupling the organic and the inorganic spheres. Here we summarize a thorough knowledge of dust impacts on meteorology, climate, ecosystems, social activities, even human health and civilization, hoping to provide ideas and reference to further research. This study demonstrates that there was a better understanding of dust impacts on oceanic ecosystems, human health and the relationship between dust activity and climate change. However, the mechanism involved in the impacts on terrestrial ecosystems, meteorology and climate is remained not so clear so far. The study on the contributions of aeolian dust to haze and the effects of dust-carrying pollutants are urgently needed. In view of its various impacts on biosphere and the possible cross-regional environmental problems, the issue of dust attracts global concerns. The frequency of dust emission may be due to climatic, environmental changes or human activities. Studies on the impacts of dust showed that overuse of resources without ecological consciousness might cause environmental disaster and civilization collapse.